Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness Joseph Conra

Joseph Conrads Heart of abuseJoseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness written in 1902 is anoverwhelming chronicle of Marlows journey into the heart of theAfrican continent. It is one of the approximately influential novels of thetwentieth century. In this ghastly and horrific tale, Marlow leads anexpedition up the Congo River, only to find everything is not as itseems. This haunting and mysterious layer takes him into theunbearable core of the jungle. The novel also explores trade andexploration, imperialism and colonization.The use of darkness means several things in this book. It is used inthe title, as Heart of Darkness many people doesnt understand thebook, or the meaning it brings with it. I feel that the titlerepresents much more, it has many meanings. The first being, thedarkness and evil of somebody. In the book, the evil comes out ofMarlow and Kurtz, as they get deeper into the jungle, the moreevilness comes out from inside their hearts. I think that Conrad istrying to sho w us, that everyone is the same, until they get somewhereelse an...

Buddhism: The Three Characteristics of Existence Essay -- essays resea

There ar three characteristics of existence. This is an important part of the teaching of Buddha. The teaching of the three characteristics is part of what we might call the doctrinal limit of wisdom. In other words, when we talk about the knowledge and the understanding that is implied by wisdom, we have this teaching in sagacity.The three characteristics of existence that we have in mind are the characteristics of impermanence (Anitya), suffering (Duhkha) and not-self (Anatma). These three characteristics are always present in or are connected with existence, and they tell us about the spirit of existence. They help us to know what to do with existence. What we learn to develop as a result of understanding the three characteristics is renunciation. Once we understand that existence is universally characterized by impermanence, suffering and not-self, we eliminate our attachment to existence. Once we eliminate our attachment to existence, we gain the threshold of Nirvana. This is the purpose that understanding the three characteristics serves. It removes attachment by removing delusions, the misinterpret that existence is permanent, is pleasant and has something to do with the self. This is why understanding the three characteristics is part of the contents of wisdom.The first of the three characteristics of existence is the characteristic of impermanence (Anitya). If we look at our own personality, we will find that our bodies are impermanent. They are subject to constant change. We grow thin. We grow old and grey, our teeth fall out, and our hair falls out. Similarly, our amiable states are impermanent. At one moment we are happy, and at another moment we are sad. As infants, we hardly understand anything. As adults, in the charge of life we understand a great deal more. And again in old age we lose the power of our mental faculties and become like infants. Our minds are also characterized by impermanence. This is true also of the things that we see around us. E trulything we see around us is impermanent. Not one thing will last incessantly - not the office blocks, nor the temples, nor the rivers and islands, nor the mountain chains, nor the oceans. We know for a fact that all these natural phenomena, even those that appear to be the most durable, even the solar constitution itself will one day decline and become extinct.This process of constant change of all ... ...s understood, once interconnectedness becomes part of the way of seeing the world, accordingly suffering arises from the personal concept of an independent self. Anatta is the view that there is no enduring self. All phenomena are conditioned-have a begging and end-so there is nothing to which they heap attach. Suffering arises from the illusion that impermanent conditioned states are permanent and can be possessed by a self. Moreover, there is no self or soul, which carries on after death. Instead we are merely a collection of groups of grasping which are in a continual state of flux. Rebirth is likely only because our desires and volition drive us.Every living being, every living thing in this universe is subject to impermanency. The destruction of the whole universe is very certain. The body will be dissolved and no amount of sacrifice will save it. Looking to life we notice how it is changing, continually moving betwixt contrasts. We notice rise and fall, success and failure, loss and gain, we meet honor and contempt, praise and blame, and we feel how our hearts respond to all that, with happiness and sorrow, delight and despair, disappointment and satisfaction, dread and hope.

Frankensteins Innocence Essay -- essays research papers

The Defense of Frankensteins beastVictor Frankenstein, a character in bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein, decided that he wanted to bring spirit into this world a life that would eventually go on to killing the creator himself. The Creature can be seen as either innocent or guilty. The popular opinion of the Creature seems to be that he is guilty considering how he has burned ingest a house, set up Justine for murder and murdered three others. However, after taking a close look at the text, it can be seen that Frankensteins creature is not guilty. He was brought into this world with a child-like innocence, never progressed past the emotional state of a child and was rejected throughout his whole life causing him to do the things he did.Although the Creature later went on to commit crimes, he was not instinctively bad. Victors Creature was brought into this world with a child-like innocence. He was abandoned at birth and left to learn about life on his own. After first seeing his creation, Victor escaped and move downstairs. (Frankenstein, 59) A Creator has the duty to teach his Creature about life, as well as to love and nurture him. However, Victor did not do some(prenominal) of these he did not take responsibility for his creature. One of the first things that the creature speaks of is that he was a poor, helpless, miserable wretch I knew, and could distinguish, nothing but touch perception pain invade me on all sides, (he) sat ...

Foundations of Political Thought Essay examples -- Philosophy, Aristot

Aristotle and Socrates and Platos beliefs micturate similarities mainly evident in their denouncement of democracy for the state. The views of Socrates expressed and written by his pupil Plato are vastly philosophical in nature and he promotes the idea of questioning life to achieve insight. The philosophers who possess the absolute truth are the best equipped to rule indian lodge according to Plato and his Allegory of the Cave. Conversely, Aristotle takes a more political science approach of discussing and analyzing various constitutions to determine the best form of government, where the rational beings in a society are the natural rulers. Aristotle promotes the idea of rule based on law rather than simple superiority. The differences in these beliefs are important because of the implications of Aristotles literary works, which provide a way for citizens and statesmen to utilize philosophy in politics and the state. Consequently, information in Politics is seen again thro ughout modern politics.The similarities of Aristotles beliefs expressed through his writings in Politics to the beliefs of Plato and Socrates expressed in the recorded dialogues of The Republic are centered mainly on a fear of democracy. Aristotle asserts that only those who are concerned with virtue and good government should be the leaders in a society or community (Politics, 80). In Book III of Politics Aristotle describes what the manipulation of the majority should be in politics, By means of these considerations, too, one might solve the problem mentioned earlier and also the related one of what the free should hire authority over, that is to say, the multitude of the citizens who are not rich and have no claim whatsoever arising from virtue. For it would not be... ...archy and democracy into polity. Through this idea of addressing factions and political mutualness Aristotle outlines the way to a lasting state. In Federalist 10, Madison describes in a similar way that competing factions imposing a system of checks and balances can protect against self-confidence of a single faction or class. Aristotles claims of law, constitution, polity, factions, and citizenship all have comparability to many U.S. notions of political life, even his justification of slavery is reminiscent of the views of any(prenominal) founding fathers. Aristotle discovered and outlined many elements of early American political thought long before the existence of the United States. Aristotle himself said, For practically speaking, all things have been discovered, although some have not been collected, and others are known about but not used (Politics, 34).

Ebola Virus: Symptoms And Effects :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

1. INTRODUCTIONA. HISTORY OF VIRUS1. AFRICA, ZAIRE2. 1970B. SYMPTOMS AND AFFECTS1. BLEEDING, HEMORRHAGING2. DEATH W/IN 20 DAYSC. CURES1. NONE KNOWND. INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS2. HISTORY OF VIRUSA. WHERE IT STARTED1. SCIENTISTSB. HOW IT IS SPREAD1. NON AIRBORNE2. BODILY CONTACTC. WHERE IT EXISTS TODAY3. SYMPTOMS AND EFFECTSA. SEVERE FEVER, group AB PAIN1. INSIDES MELTB. DEATH RATES AND TOTALS2 SURVIVORS, BUT EBOLA VIRUS AS THE CAUSE WAS NOTVERIFIED4. CURESA. NONE KNOWN CURES, RESEARCH world PERFORMED ONMONKEYS.Ebola virus is a relatively recently discovered virus, that when it infectshumans, caries with it a 50-90% fatality rate. Symptoms of this deadly virusinclude Sudden Fever, Weakness, Muscle Pain, Headache, crude Throat, Vomiting,Diarrhea, Rash. Internal answers include Limited Kidney Function, Limited LiverFunction, and Internal and External Bleeding.The incubation period for the Ebola virus ranges from 2 to 21 days, dependingupon the method of infection. A channelize inoculat ion of the virus into the bloodstream ofa human will bring about symptoms markedly faster than other forms of less directcontact. The virus is expose in the males reproductive fluids, and shag be transmittedthrough sexual contact for up to 7 weeks after clinical recovery from the Ebola virus.The Ebola virus can be diagnosed with laboratory testing of blood specimensunder maximum containment conditions - because of the high risk of infection to thosehandling infected blood. There is currently no discourse or vaccination available for the Ebola virus.Transmission of the Ebola virus occurs by direct contact with the bodily fluidsof patients infected with the virus. The handling of chimpanzees that are either ill orhave died from the Ebola virus can also transmit the virus. Any suspicion of infection with the Ebola virus should be treated with extremecaution immediate isolation from other patients and strict barrier nursing techniquesmust be practiced. All instruments, clothing, or biological matter must be eitherdisposed of or thoroughly disinfected immediately.The initial outbreaks of the Ebola virus occurred in 1976. Springing forth fromunknown origins, this virus held the nations of Zaire in fear as it quickly claimed the livesof many of its citizens. As this was the maiden recorded outbreak of the Ebola virus, themedical community was unsure of how to handle Ebola. The level of care in Zaire duringthis outbreak was very low, and as a result of the many infected victims congregated inpublic areas, the virus continued to spread among the denizens of Zaire. The interveningyears have slowly produced scientific data on the genius of the virus - yet treatment is still

Ebola Virus: Symptoms And Effects :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

1. INTRODUCTIONA. HISTORY OF VIRUS1. AFRICA, ZAIRE2. 1970B. SYMPTOMS AND AFFECTS1. BLEEDING, HEMORRHAGING2. death W/IN 20 DAYSC. CURES1. no(prenominal) KNOWND. INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS2. HISTORY OF VIRUSA. WHERE IT STARTED1. SCIENTISTSB. HOW IT IS SPREAD1. NON AIRBORNE2. BODILY CONTACTC. WHERE IT EXISTS TODAY3. SYMPTOMS AND EFFECTSA. SEVERE FEVER, ABDOMINAL PAIN1. INSIDES MELTB. DEATH RATES AND TOTALS2 SURVIVORS, BUT EBOLA VIRUS AS THE CAUSE WAS NOTVERIFIED4. CURESA. NONE KNOWN CURES, RESEARCH BEING PERFORMED ONMONKEYS.Ebola virus is a relatively recently discovered virus, that when it infectshumans, caries with it a 50-90% fatality rate. Symptoms of this deadly virusinclude Sudden Fever, Weakness, Muscle Pain, Headache, Sore Throat, Vomiting,Diarrhea, Rash. Internal results include special Kidney Function, Limited LiverFunction, and Internal and External Bleeding.The incubation period for the Ebola virus ranges from 2 to 21 days, dependingupon the method of infection. A direct ino culation of the virus into the blood stream ofa human will bring about symptoms markedly faster than other forms of less directcontact. The virus is present in the males reproductive fluids, and tin be transmittedthrough sexual contact for up to 7 weeks after clinical recovery from the Ebola virus.The Ebola virus discount be diagnosed with laboratory examination of blood specimensunder maximum containment conditions - because of the high risk of infection to thosehandling infected blood. There is currently no treatment or vaccination unattached for the Ebola virus.Transmission of the Ebola virus occurs by direct contact with the bodily fluidsof patients infected with the virus. The handling of chimpanzees that are either ill orhave died from the Ebola virus can also transmit the virus. Any suspicion of infection with the Ebola virus should be treated with extremecaution immediate isolation from other patients and strict bulwark nursing techniquesmust be practiced. All instrume nts, clothing, or biological matter must be eitherdisposed of or thoroughly disinfected immediately.The initial outbreaks of the Ebola virus occurred in 1976. Springing forth fromunknown origins, this virus held the nations of Zaire in fear as it quickly claimed the livesof many of its citizens. As this was the first recorded outbreak of the Ebola virus, the checkup community was unsure of how to handle Ebola. The level of care in Zaire duringthis outbreak was very low, and as a result of the many infected victims congregated inpublic areas, the virus continued to spread among the denizens of Zaire. The interveningyears have slowly produced scientific data on the nature of the virus - yet treatment is still

Imagery in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Both commit suicide rather than be separated by their families feud. The crook has survived for centuries because of not only its captivating storyline but also its stirring phraseology. Shakespeargon infuses Romeo and Juliet with various types of tomography for example, celestial, religious, avian, and light and dark references that provide metaphoric meaning, influence the spectators (or readers) moods, and call the lamentable end.Heavenly imagery illuminates the brilliance of Romeo and Juliets relationship in the play. For example, Romeo says Juliet is like the temperateness, and that her tendernesss are two of the fairest stars in all the heaven her eye in heaven/Would through the airy region stream so bright/That birds would sing and think it were not night (2. 2. 15-23). Juliet states that Romeo should be cut egress in little stars (3. 2. 24), and that daylight is some(a) meteor that the sun exhaled (3. 5. 13). Humans have long been in awe of bright, dazzling astronomic al objects like the meteors, stars, and sun that the l everywheres mention.With frequent celestial imagery, Shakespeare shows how beautiful and out-of-this-world Romeo and Juliets love is. Spiritual language, while emphasizing the purity of Romeo and Juliets love, also foreshadows their tragic fate. Romeos first reciprocation with Juliet is about Christian pilgrimage that illustrates how divine, almost flawlessly sacred, his devotion to her is, like the pious connection between a worshipper and God. To him, her hand is a holy place shrine and his lips are two blushing pilgrims (1. 5. 105-106). He calls her a dear saint (1. 5. 114) and a bright angel winged messenger of heaven (2. 2. 29-31). His pilgrim speech, in which he convinces Juliet to let him kiss her, is written in sonnet form. The sonnet is the typical form of love poetry, and Shakespeare makes Romeos Christian language even to a greater extent lyrical and beautiful. Later, their affection edges into blasphemy when Juliet names Romeo the god of my idolatry (2. 2. 119). Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare in England, in Victorian times. His listening would have belonged to the Anglican Church, and sure as shooting would have noticed that Juliets statement is irreverent.Though her adulation is touching, Juliet seems to be replacing God with Romeo, with passion supplanting faith. The audience would have thought that the lovers unlucky suicides could have been influenced by heavenly retribution. The religious undertones throughout the play serve both to highlight Romeo and Juliets love, and to warn of the disastrous consequences. Avian imagery influences the automatic teller of scenarios in Romeo and Juliet. At the balcony scene, when the sweethearts exchange their vows of love, they employ descriptions of birds to express the simple cuteness of their fondness. O, for a falcners voice/To lure this tassel-gentle back over again (2. 2. 169-170) sighs Juliet, to which Romeo responds, My nyas (2. 2. 179, in some editions). Juliet also wishes that Romeo were no farther than a wantons bird,/That lets it hop a little from his hand And with a silken thread plucks it back again (2. 2. 191-194). The birds they speak of, tamed falcons and pets, are benign, even loved speaking of them makes their declarations of love prettier. After their marriage, when Romeo has killed Tybalt and has been exiled permanently from Verona, Juliets references to birds grows bleaker.She starts off by pleading with Romeo to stay periodic she sings on yond pomegranate. /Believe me, love, it was the nightingale (3. 5. 4-5). Her language is still reminiscent of mellifluous sweetness, as is the scene they have just spent the night together, and Romeo is only in a flash leaving. only if as daylight, and danger, approaches, the euphonious nightingale transforms into the cacophonous lark that sings so out of tune,/Straining harsh discords and gauche sharps she divideth us (3. 5. 27-30). Her remark about how unpleasing the lark is mirrors the bitter situation that she and Romeo are in.After Lord Capulet demands that Juliet marry Paris, even after she has married Romeo, the Nurse says that An eagle, madam,/Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eye/As Paris hath (3. 5. 232-234). Though she means to compliment Paris, Nurse creates a contrast between Romeo and Paris. Unlike the tamed falcons mentioned by Romeo and Juliet, eagles are wild, and quick and eager to kill while Romeo and Juliets relationship is gentle and fond, Juliets view of Paris is not nearly as loving. Shakespeare invokes moods fitting to crabby scenes through avian imagery.Light and dark imagery in Romeo and Juliet is not particularly metaphoric light does not always stand for good, just as dark does not invariably represent evil. Rather, Shakespeare utilizes light and dark imagery to induce sharp contrasts. For example, Benvolio tells Romeo that, at the Capulet party, he will make thee think thy vomit a crow (1. 2 . 94), as though the difference between the white feathers of the swan and the drab of the crow was like the distinctiveness between Rosaline and other beauties. O, she doth study the torches to burn bright It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night/As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear a snowy dove trooping with crows (1. 5. 51-55) But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? (2. 2. 2) The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars/As daylight doth a lamp (2. 2. 1-3) and her beauty makes/This vault a feasting carriage full of light (5. 2. 85-86) are all praises that Romeo sings of Juliet. To him, she is as brilliant as light, and as different from all other people as white is from black and light is from dark.Juliet says likewise Romeo wilt lie upon the wings of night/Whiter than new snow upon a ravens back (3. 2. 19-20). She, too, believes that Romeo is one-of-a-kind and dazzling. Light and dark imagery applies to situations as well. Their love is like the lightning (2. 2. 126), standing out against the background of the hate and violence in the feud. After Romeo and Juliet have consummated their marriage, the daytime and the sadness is brings is the contrary of the happiness of the past night More light and light, more dark and dark our woes (3. 5. 36).The light and dark imagery of Romeo and Juliet is used for sensory contrasts. Imagery, by sparking the audiences and readers imaginations, is one of the most important literary devices in Romeo and Juliet. The imagery particularly celestial, religious, avian, and light and dark enhances the play by swaying the viewers moods, taking over as metaphors, and hinting at the plot. Romeo and Juliets storyline and language contribute equal impressions on readers and spectators. With language as beautiful as Shakespeares, its little investigate that Romeo and Juliet is one of the most popular love stories in the world.

Reaction paper to malampaya fund

When Im reading articles, facts, and history about this, I was surprised with 137. 8 billion pesos estimated fund undisturbed annually with this project. In reality with this capital, we can build another inunct industry and various projects to manipulate this asset which primarily based on investigate that Philippines are rich in natural resources. When we overcome this proper usage, manipulation, development and strengthening the force of our country that we may be not able to hood by other states and get this place which are capable to make our country powerful than them.If this so, Philippines have the capabilities to pace with other countries also focuses on producing oil and other natural resources found in their area. But what happen? It goes to the pockets of the corrupt government officials instead it is for the development of the country. But theres nothing new about it. What was the channel were taking in? Is this the track that they promised with their sweet words? O r if will understand this at present, promises are really made to be broken.We lack of magnate of manipulation of the things that we really owned. When Im writing this reaction paper, I feel so bad not only to those public officials but also to those who have the in effect(p) to suffrage, still we choose who are popular, safe(p)-looking without dedication and accountability. As a public administration student, starting now I will think whats good for the country than filling my own pocket coming from the taxes earned through hard work of every citizen. Our country needs us.

Baked soil versus regular soil when planting

Television go to beds the power of the im come on, and critics of idiot box argon aware that the image evoke be a negative force or unequivocal one. Television violence has a huge impact on our childrens mind. Every child loves ingesting television, each child gathers plenty of information on TV. The TV causes children not to able to communicate or express their feelings and causes them to hold up low critical thinking when it comes to educational progress. Children ask aggressive behavior by comeing television. Children tend to imitate what they consider learned on TV ads and they easily learn profane words.Even though TV brings many positive impacts and influences from which passel commode benefit, its negative impacts are most give carely extensive. Many surveys have been conducted to see how many hours children watch TV. The result shows that children worn-out(a) plenty of hours watching TV every day. Is TV too bad for the children to watch? The answer is no, because it asshole also educate children. Attentive parents must step in to guide their children as they watch TV. I remember growing up my parents did not allow me to watch anything on TV.I have to be monitored by my parents, elders, and family friends. There were periods of time to do home-works, playing with friends, go out with family, and watch TV. My parents used to tell me that education was the first priority, and then the rest would flow with it. Nowadays, the children just sit in from of TV and they do not care about their homework. One year ago, I heard a friend of my family friends that a boy of 8 years overaged took his fathers gun to practice on his sister what he saw on TV, but luckily their mother intervened and took the gun from the boy.If the mother had not been around, bad things could have happened. But how did the boy have get access to the gun to imitate what he saw on the TV? This is why parents should manufacture attention to what their children watch on the TV t o pr flatt them from becoming violent or developing aggressive behavior that leave alone lead them to juvenile delinquency. The television has a lot of advantages and disadvantages, but there is a dark side to it when children sit every day watching TV and the problem starts with our children.When the children are more(prenominal) exposed to watching TV, they do not have the urge to do their home work because children learn from what they see on TV. TV causes children to have distractions and children can have the knowledge of what is happening by mimicking cartoons or ads on TV. Children nowadays standardized to spend hours in front of a television, and this can cause children to beat from eye problems and obesity. Watching TV for long period of time adds to the sedentary nature of their lifestyles. This can create or lead to aggressive behavior, violence, restlessness, and poor faculty member achievement (Simmons &Wentzel, 1999).The children could have nightmares during slee ping hours due to violence they had watched on the TV aside from physical consequences children imitate what they see on the TV and have a negative reaction. TV ads send messages telling children what is considered attractive. For example, smoking, murder, sex, and violent movie ads on the TV can create a big impact on them like immoral behavior, provocative clothing, and inappropriate ads such as alcohol and tobacco. Children, who should spend their time in studying, reading good books, playing outside homes, and engaging in social activities, today, spend their evenings glued to the television.Through watching the TV, a child or a teenager could learn how to butcher someone or even kill himself or herself (Simmons &Wentzel, 1999). Watching people dying will not do the child any good. The child might try to imitate all the actions seen on TV, and watching violence or crimes can lead to aggressive behavior and as a result to juvenile delinquency. The physical activities on TV progr ams can influence the children in a negative way. Also TV can easily influence children who are curious and act on what they see, but if children watch educational programs, they can be influenced in positive ways.According to Squidoo (2010), some studies indicate TV can shorten attention span, distort body image, and work in conjunction with other factors to escalate obesity, create fear, and increase aggressive and anti-social behaviors if exposure is unmonitored and unlimited, The same report also states that many families in the US have their TV on an average of 6 -7. 5 hours per day. (Squidoo, 2010, p. 4). This is true because when the children are glued to the TV for that long period of time, it can cause distraction and low performance in their education.Students watching more TV in elementary school had increased chances of dropping out of school and decreased chances of getting a college academic degree (Karachi, 2010). For instance, according to The Sourcebook for Teach ing Science, the average child views 1500 hours of TV per year compared to spending only 900 hours per year in school year in 2010. (Karachi, 2010). Can you hypothesize when you do the calculation that the children only have 600 hours per year to spend on other things like going out with the parents or visiting family or friends and doing home-work?Clearly, TV gets in the way of the childrens educational progress and performance. Clearly, TV is a very powerful tool that influences our children. The influence of television depends on the parenting skills and how parents train their kids. Children who watch TV violence or cartoon films whitethorn become less sensitive and less emotional to others around them and they may be more fearful, have antisocial behaviors, and behave in aggressive or harmful ways towards others. TV violence has an impact on expressed levels of aggression in children (Simmons &Wentzel, 1999).Children learn to be aggressive by watching actors and actresses or c artoon characters on TV and practicing their aggressive behaviors. Seeing the actresses or actors get away with violence on the TV causes children to believe that performing violent acts is a normal thing. Children who watch a lot of TV violence when they are elementary school age tend to gain more aggression once they become teenagers. Parents should pay attention to the programs their children are watching and explain to their children what is going on what is right, and what is wrong. (Blumenthal, 1999)According to Belson (1978), violence can be wrapped in a way that the violent content becomes transparent. He writes, In 1992, the American Psychology Associates Task cart on TV and society published a report that confirms the TV violence in children. (Kurniawan, 2008, p. 243). We should not allow children to watch TV alone this will prevent them from watching violence on the TV. When children see the colorful picture on the TV, it catches their attention to watch the TV because of the bright colors attract them and support them. Problem arises, when children become addicted to the TV and parents unable to control them.There are several effects of watching TV, especially cartoons, which can be dangerous if parents do not monitor them. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), the average child will watch 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence on television before polish elementary school (Leonard & Mirrors, 1997). From June 1994 to April 1998 the ABC, CBS, NBC and Fox study to monitor violence on television and found that overall 61% of television programs during the 1996-1997 season contained some violence, compared with 57% of shows during the 1994-1995 season.The amount of violence showed increased 14% from the previous year, with 67% of those shows depicting violence (Leonard & Mirrors, 1997). According to Bandura study was conducted in which children watched a telecasting of a muliebrity hitting and kicking a plastic doll. Afte rwards, the children were allowed to play with a doll. The children imitated what they watched on the TV, kicking, hitting, and using verbal expressions to attack the doll as they saw on the video (Leonard & Mirrors, 1997). Another study has shown that TV characters who committed violent acts were not punished right way is about 75%.(Leonard & Mirrors, 1997) Conclusion Study has shown that children who watch TV are destined to develop problems with their educational progress, poor classroom behavior, lower math scores, and unhealthier habits in life (Karachi, 2010). References Belson, William A. (1978), Television and the adolescent boy, Saxon House, Teakfield Ltd. , Hampshire. Blumenthal, Richard. (1999), What Parents Can Do About TV Violence. June14, 2010 retrieved from http//www. cslnet. ctstateu. edu/attygenl/tvtips. htm Karachi, P. (2010).Child watching much TV gets negative effect on education, 81(1), 368-375. Kurniawan, Y. (2008). Children should be protected from the media i nfluence. June 14, 2010 retrieved from http//www. slideshare. net/yusuf_k/children-should-be-protected-from-the-media-influence Leonard, J. , and Mirrors, S. (1997). Violence, television, and other American cultures. bare-ass York New Press. Simmons, B. , and Heather, W. (1999), Television violence and its effects on young children. Early childhood education journal. 26. 3 (1999) 149-153. Squidoo, LLC.(2010). Influence of Media on Children Retrieved June 14, 2010 from http//www. squidoo. com/influence-of-media-on-children There are various ways to make a garden and undeniably, the success of gardening not to mention the necessity of having a silver hand for planting which is in reality the gardeners skill and how plants are taken cared for is a must but also much depends on the pillow slip of earth used for the planting. With reference to the above, this check into paper will try to find out which is better, the solarisebaked fault or the regular soil?First, let us take a l ook on the regular soil by reviewing some of the classification of soils that are used for planting. These are clay, sand, chalk or calcareous, loam and peat and even undersoil (Data). Clayish soil looks like putty when it gets wet and for this reason it is hard to cultivate plants on this soil during rainy days or wet seasons. Sandy soils only amounts to ten part of clay and cactus and other succulents thrived on it. Loam is an ideal blend of sand and clay and it is what gardener commonly looks for because it is considered as the beat out soil for almost any plants (Data). calcareous soil is very deficient because it lacks humus and other organic matter for the plant to feed on. This slip of soil is a bad choice anytime whether it is juiceless or wet season. Peat soil contains more than 20% humus which can be very valuable for growing acid loving plants (Data) for examples to certain cut back like celery. Peat soil comes in two varieties, the brown peat and the black however , the brown colored one is easier to work with. Last but not the least is the subsoil which can be found a foot deep which are often times impedes drainage of the top soil (Data).For all soil types, it is invariably good to consider the subsoil in order to grow plants that will have a healthy root structures. Some experts says that sand holds little wet and nourishment or nutrients (Tapla) and for that reason growers replace sand with silica or crushed granite found in masonry stores. What to keep in mind are plants make aeration as well as drainage while we try to maintain the porosity of the soil. Soil by the way also contains different PH which have various requirements to so many different species of plants.And for this reason, before embarking on gardening, because of very limited time and space, the gardener should decide which type of plants should be grown in the garden. As noted above, a regular garden soil comes in variety or in simple term we can call them the lancina te soil. The baked soil may come from those varieties however the only thing that makes a difference is that it is baked, may be sun baked or baked in the laboratory or nurseries. Baked soil is clean and with no impurities, however some of those soils are hard depending where it came from.For example it is hard if it came from clay type of soil. However, this can be splashed with water and then raked to make it a good bed for seedlings. Some makers of organic soils used to bake soils in the sun or applying heat to make a smoother texture of the soil and kill the unhealthy bacteria that could be damaging for plants. Baked soil is the best choice when we do not like fungi to thrive on our plants, for instance the yellowing of the leaf or the overstressing of the root system due to poor soil.However, this type of soil can not be available anytime and may not be a very practical choice for many uses. Baked soil may also be very expensive to make. Moreover, the choice of soil really depe nds on the type of plants that will be grown and the time someone is willing to spend in taking care of the garden. Since many type of garden soil are not ideal to grow plants, the combination may be a kind acceptable to grow healthy plants provided that gardeners add some nutrients in the soil. Gardeners at the same time should manage the plant surroundings by conditioning the soil.To condition a garden soil, the following soil counsel in the yards and gardens may prove helpful first, is to manage the environment and that is to know very well whether plants are sun or shade loving and providing adequate supply of air, water, and mineral in the soil. For this task, soil management becomes the major gardening task because soil can easily be controlled unlike the climate. Second, gardeners should realize the wishing to improve soil management constantly and that includes erosion, chemical leaching, and weeds problems.Soil management also helps to conserve the natural resource like water. It is not truly a fight whether which type of soil is a lot better because even poor soil can be improved by adding organic matter into it. These are biosolids or matters from sewage sludge, sawdust, rice hull, and even manure. There are many types of conditioning which can be used in treating soil deficiencies at no cost because most of these organic things come from outside and interior our homes.Adding a little bit of organic matter in the raw soil each year can help add up to the nitrogen requirements or obtain balance fertility in garden soils. Aside from these available organic matters, composting can hasten the provision for fertilizing the soil however the need for commercial nitrogen chemicals is still a practical way of doing things easily since these chemicals are cheaper in terms of the amount of time that will be spent in the preparation.Both baked and regular soil can grow plants, even poor soils can be conditioned. What is important is whether the gardener i s knowledgeable in managing the soil including the plants and water requirements of plants. Work Cited Data, Gardening. Different Types of Garden Soil. (2008). 01 May 2008 . Tapla. A Soil Discussion. (2007). 01 May 2008 .

Speech on the Importance of Co-curricular Activities in School by R Jain

It happens more than sometimes that a student who has consistently shown in studies does less well later on in breeding than a student who has always been academically mediocre. The reason is non, necessarily, that the former has not lived up to expectations, or that the latter has all the connections that count. Often it is just a eluding of the mediocre rising to excellence because he has had the good luck of determination himself. Albert Einstein, Leo Tolstoy and Rabindranath Tagore were not considered particularly bright prospects in school, but nevertheless took the initiation by storm. Obviously, academics is only one yardstick of a students ability.At the school level, it is presently the just about important yardstick and will probably spread over to be so in the foreseeable future. It is generally agreed that an educated person is required to have grounding in certain specified areas of friendship that may be termed as basic subjects. Over and above that, though, a g ood school will offer a wide variety of subsidiary or co-curricular activities involving games, music, art, literature, photography, the computer, and what have you. The more varied and better organised these activities are, the greater are the chances of a student succeeding in discovering himself.What does that mean? It means noteing out what one likes doing, what one is good at and what one would like to develop ones skills in. It is not impossible for this to turn out to be a fairly long drawn-out trial-and-error process. A student may begin by trying his hand at painting and find himself lacking he may then move on to debating and discover he is worse at it he may then have a shot at acting, but in vain finally, he may find his metier in creative writing. He starts writing stories and poems and getting discretion for and feedback on them. It makes him a happier, more motivated, and more energetic person.He may have been an indifferent student, but now, because his self-estee m has risen and he is more confident of himself, he attains a higher rank in class as well. It is not necessary that he should go on to become a famous writer. The actually fact that he has confidence in himself now will make a world of difference to how he goes about life and what he does with it. It is up to him to seek out suitable avenues for the expression of his creativity, but once that is done, that initial act of self-disco actually in school will prove to be one of the most positive turning-points in his life.What today is called co-curricular was yesterday known as extra-curricular. The change in wording is significant and reveals recognition of the worth of non-academic pursuits in education. That one does not need to sit in examinations in most co-curricular activities is a factor that makes them more enjoyable than classroom study however, that may also be the very reason why a section of students dont take them seriously enough.More and more colleges and organisation s have begun to look beyond the school-leaving and graduation and post-graduation certificates while deciding whom to take in and whom to leave out during admission or employment, and a good co-curricular track record may well give one an spring over a rival candidate who has no such background. This development, also, should further the worthy cause of co-curricular activities.

How an organisation communicates Essay

IntroductionThe aim of this assignment is to relate how an musical arrangement communicates its means value and deputation to the public, sh beholders and employees. This is an accusatory that coffin nail easily get overlooked in the rush to master environmental analysis, strategic choice and prohibitedsourcing decisivenesss. However it is important in invest and it is a ch both(prenominal)enge that m any organic laws take very seriously. Setting of organisational objectives is the get-go agitate of four-in-handial actions. An organisations end results for which an organisation strives is termed as mission, purpose, objective, goal, site etc. Many times, these terms be used inter qualifyingably as all these denote end results.This unit is most providing direction to people in the organisation and enabling, inspiring, motivating and accepting them to master what the organisation has flummox out to do. It is expected to apply different styles of leading appropriate t o different people and situations. For the purposes of this unit, an organisation piece of tail mean a self-contained entity such as a private sector partnership, a charity or a local authority, or a significant operating unit, with a relative degree of autonomy, within a larger organisation.Task 1Relate the organisations purpose, values and vision to people crosswise the organisation (1.1, 1.2, and 1.3) An organisations mission is its basic purpose e.g., what is it for? Why does it exist? A mission statement establishedises the administrations mission by writing it down. Johnson Scholes and Whittington define a mission statement as a statement of overriding direction and purpose of an organisation. Some companies refer to vision statements instead of mission statements. Below is an example of Tescos mission statementsTesco (a UK supermarket chain) their vision is to be the most highly valued by its nodes. Their magnetic core purpose is to create value for customers toearn the ir life time loyalty. This objective sits right at the heart of their fear as unrivalled subroutine of their values No one tries harder for customers. For Tesco to be considered a force for hot, they essential be a corking neighbour and a responsible member of society. They discern that if they look after their staff, they bequeath look after their customers. Work can be a large part of their lives so people deserve an employer who c atomic number 18s. Thats why one of their values is Treat people how we like to be treated. They are committed to providing opportunities for their people to get on and turn their jobs into careers and across all of their markets they offer a wide range of competitive benefits.According to Michael Hyatt, the author of the New York Times bestseller, Platform Get noticed in a Noisy World, it is crucial to translate the core values into behaviours that are easy to understand by your employees. He has identified 6 ways to communicate the core value s to every member of the organisation. Living the values leading by example is the best discourse tool any leader possesses. A view conducted by Deloitte has found that 70% of the employees who agree that their companies had performed easy financially said their executive management team speaks to them often about the core values associated with the kitchen-gardening of the company. Hiring new people based on values recruiting people who already pitch values that are in alignment with the companys core values. You can always easily train a person on how to do the job, but it becomes much harder to train a person to require the aforesaid(prenominal) values as your organisation. Reviewing people based on values incorporating core values as part of performance management process. Reviewing people based on values is interrelated with riposteing people for demonstrating the values. Business objectives are the ends that an organisation sets out to achieve. A vexation creates pe digree plans to enable it to achieve these ends thus plans are the means to the ends. The objectives and plans that an organisation creates are determined by balancing the requirements of the various stakeholders in the organisation. The stakeholders are those individuals and groups that are affected by and piss interest in how the business is run and it achieves.Every business has a range of stakeholders including Theobjectives that a company establishes are based on blending the various interests of these stakeholder groupings. For example an objective to be the market leader, impart benefit all stakeholders because customers will receive high quality products, shareholders will receive high dividends, and employees will receive good wages and so on. Organisations create a hierarchy of objectives. At the top level, an organisation will often create a mission position out the purpose of the organisation. This will be followed by a set of objectives relating to such aspects as Objectives about employee satisfactionObjectives about cutting pollutionObjectives about customer satisfactionObjectives about market shareObjectives about return to shareholders.A business plan will then enable an organisation to achieve its objectives. The business plan must be set within a time frame and set out how the organisation and the various components of the organisation will rick towards meeting required objectives. Responsibilities for delivering various parts of the plan will be allocated to key individuals and performance targets will be established which enabled the plan to be delivered. The business will create a series of polices, programmes and budgets to enable it to achieve planned targets. It is also essential from the outset to clarify how the plan will be evaluated on an ongoing basis. (businesscasestudies.co.uk) Motivation in Virgin Media, the word motivation could be defined as the driving force behind actions and behaviour.It leads individuals to take act ion to achieve a goal or to fulfil a film or expectation. Understanding what motivates employees at work ensures that a business not only has employees that have the have intercourseledge, skill and ability to do the job, but who are also committed to achieve a high standard of work. There are much commanding behaviour that indicates employees are motivated including taking responsibilities, helping colleagues, a commitment to achieving company targets and goals as well as interest and concern of the business. Virgin Media recognises that reward is one of the many motivating factors for a lot of its people and offers competitive salaries. It also offers bonus arrangements such as itsASPIRE fieldpay and reward scheme. The scheme rewards every Net Promoter Score (NPS) of 9 or 10 with 10. However, as a forward thinking business, it understands the importance of different motivational factors.It offers supernumerary benefits including private health care, life assurance, company pe nsion scheme and staff saving scheme. The opportunity to progress within the organisation is also an important factor. all(a) virgin media technicians are managed through the Your Story Framework for career progression. This includes regular meetings to discuss performance, review progress against set objectives to enable progression within the company. (businesscasestudies.co.uk) angiotensin-converting enzyme theorist whose studies became influential is Elton Mayo. Mayos research concluded that motivating factors include recognition, a sense of belonging and involvement as well as social aspects of the workplace.In 1943, Abraham Maslow published his theory of a hierarchy of need. Maslow identified that as individuals, we have five set of take. At the first level, basic needs are those of food, water, warmth and shelter with wages that meet those needs. Safety needs include protection from danger, for example health and safety at work as well as job security. Social needs include a sense of belonging in work teams. He identified esteem needs as those of self-confidence, feeling useful and needed by other people. Maslow proposed that having squelched all the lower needs an individual would then be able to exculpate their own potential for self-actualisation. (businesscasestudies.co.uk)Task 2Explain the skills necessary to submit support and advice to people during periods of setbacks and change. (2.1 and 2.2) Change is something that happens in businesses all of the time. Change can breathe in an organisations internal or external environment. As a result, this process of change is constant. Effective managers are proactive in creating solutions to alter the organisations performance. They must then manage employees through the change process. Managers have to plan and drive change initiatives. This involves managing the change process and making it part of an organisations scheme. Strategies a business achieve its aims and objectives. This helps busin esses to develop in a much focused way to the environment in which it operates, whilst facing new challenges with more certainty. Organisationsrequire skilled and well qualified managers and leaders to drive change initiatives and effectively manage employees through the process. (businesscasestudies.co.uk) When business is booming, employee morale usually soars. It seems like everyones getting bonuses, hiring assistants and basking in the companys success. But when bad news rolls in, the collective mood of employees can plummet. This can happen when the firm looses a big account, suffers a severe downswing or experiences regulatory of legal setbacks. Employees will then look to managers for guidance and reassurance.During trying times, the manager becomes more than the business owner. They must lead employees by setting an inspiring example. When managersexhibit strength in the introduce of adversity, they assure the troops that they are able to steer the company through a rough plot of ground and prevent it from sustaining lasting image. Managers must delegate freely to manage a fast-growth business. But boosting employees morale during tough times is one job no one can pass off. (Democratic Leadership style)Managers should make themselves visible when setback occurs. They should start attending staff meetings they standardly skipped. Help clerks do filing, answer the phone on base customer service representatives or relieve exhausted workers on the assembly line or loading dock. By pitching in with a domineering attitude, they will lift everyones sprit.There is no single best way to build morale in the midst of organisational setbacks. While some employees will shoulder crisis without much complaint, many others will react negatively. Managers can customise behaviour to address those employees ainity. Heres one morale booster that will work for all employees see out their advice and act on it. By soliciting their suggestions and implementing as many of them as possible you make them feel like conundrum solvers who can exert at least some control over an unpredictable situation. This in other word will be identified as the democratic leadership style which is also known as participative leadership.It is a type of leadership style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the finale-making process. (psychology.about.com) Example if a country zoning board imposes a steep fine on your business, ask employees for ideas on how to cut costs. O.K. even modest proposalsto save office supplies this will help employees take ownership of the crisis and work together to outlast it.(edwardlowe.org) There are different types of support and advice people whitethorn need and this could be provided in many ways.(www.invo.org.uk)Personal/Professional Development to review peoples progress and performance and provide positive feedback and encouragement and/or to see if they need any additional pointers to further develop t heir skills. For example, members of the public who take on research roles such as peer interviewing, may need feedback and guidance when they first put their skills into practice.Practical Support to help people to familiarise themselves with a new research environment, for example, all research team members ability need help with finding their way around a new location or building. Members of the public may need support with meeting their practical needs, such as payment of fees and expenses, making travel arrangements, parking, and assessing childcare.Emotional/Psychological Support to help people to negociate with any distress that arises as a direct consequence of being involved in research, for example, if they become upset after discussing a sensitive or worked up topic, or from hearing about other peoples bad experiences, or from returning to an environment that has been traumatic in the past. Some people may also be challenged by others about the benefit of public involve ment in research and may be helped by being prepared to cope with professional or criticism. Emotional/Psychological Support is often as relevant to researches as it is to involve members of the public.On-the-job-Support to allow people to let off go or raise any concerns after a tight meeting or frustrating experience. Some of these types of support can be provided through liberal mechanism that develops organically as colleagues start to work together and form a team. Others may be better provided through a more formal approach that will need to be properly resourced.Communicate with Customers and Employees do not be reluctant to confront bad news. Develop a strategy to disseminate information. It may not be customers you need to talk to, but suppliers and vendors. Managers also have to engage their employees. Listen to staff and address any particular(prenominal) challenges they face. Keep them up to par with what is going on even you mountt have all of the answers.Conduct o verall cost Analysis as a manager, look at where you can reduce overhead. Negotiate with suppliers for a better price, find ways to save money. If the company has a bunch of products that doesnt sell, cut back on inventory. Companies think that because headcount is the biggest line, item on their budget then that is where they should cut costs. Getting rid of employees is the easiest strategy but it might not be the right one. Layoffs are generally a reaction versus a well thought out strategy. As a manager, you dont want to cut so deep it hurts the company.Empower Employees find ways to increase moral and empower employees to be the best that they can be, their inputs and opinions should be valued. Happy employees, take care of customers. Employees are an important asset because they are in direct communication with customers. Motivated employees attract more satisfied customers which in turn, lead to increased profits.Embrace Change Most people are not good at taking risks when th ey are threatened, we have a tendency to react by fright or flight says James.By becoming too defensive, it could reduce chances which could lead out a set of crisis situations. When face with a company setback, it is necessary to stay positive look at what is working, be proactive, find new growth opportunities, preserve-hang in there and nettle out the storm. (www.inc.com)Task 3Analyse the need for integrity, fairness and consistency in managerialdecision making. (3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and3.4) Decision-making is a crucial part of good business. It is good information and experience in interpreting information. Decision-making increasingly happens at all levels of a business. The board of directors may make the grand strategic decisions about investment and direction of future growth (www.tutor2u.net) Often, association leaders must make decisions that members do not agree with but maybe greatly affected by. Members may feel they have little to say over the actions implemented by their le aders. Association staff members are often charged with implementing decisions made by leadership, including communicating the decisions to members and helping members understand that the decision will ultimately result in good. Recently, the Interior Design Educators Council (IDEC) leadership increased annual membership dues.This change alone would help to fund the association better and also provide new opportunities and means for future development. This single alteration has expanded the parameters of this organisation dramatically. They are now considering additional functions, retreats, scholarships programs and resources etc. It is no secret that economic times are difficult, we find ourselves suddenly in a world of hopeful get-rich-quick strategies, and utmost(prenominal) couponing champions. Asking people to give more when they have less is not a decision that is considered to be popular. Although the actions and decisions of our leaders are sometimes confusing to others, we must have confidence in the leadership in place, and in the decisions that they make more times than not, members voted them into the position of leadership. (www.raybourn.com, 2012) I think that for unpopular decisions, the more personal the communications method, the better.The scale and geographic spread of an organisation will have a big influence, but the nearer one get to a face to face communication, the better. So, phone is better than email. Video conference is better than phone, in person is better than video conference. It is useful to think about unpopular decisions from the point of view of the decision itself (unpopular take) the process of coming up with the decision (fair process), and the opportunity to deal with the consequences of the decision (work grounds).(www.changingorganisations.com) Different types of communication styles could be used to communicate difficult and unpopular decisions. In business world, communication is necessary for conducting busine ss in anefficient manner. Any business involves two types of communication external communication that is enjoin to the actors in the business environment, and internal communication or organisational communication that is directed to employees.In addition, it is not possible to imagine organisational communication without conflicts. Conflicts are normal in any organisation, because people have different opinions. People communicate their thoughts, idea, knowledge and fears differently in conflicts situations. Managers and team members should know and understand these different styles of communications to preclude conflicts. Oral communication is one common form of internal communication for example, in a group or one to one meeting. Nowadays, electronic communication is growing in importance. This can involve written communication, such as an email, text or tweet or oral communication via video conferencing. Intranet endeavour has recently developed a new intranet system called the hub this replaced a purely information based system. It enables input from employees at enterprises locations across western sandwich Europe and North America.This channel of communication supports enterprises core values. When the outcome of a decision is not known with certainty, a manager faces a decision-making problem under either conditions of risks or conditions of uncertainty. A decision is made under risk when a manager can make a angle of dip of all possible outcomes associated with a decision and assign a probability of occurrence to each one of the outcomes. The process of assigning probabilities to outcomes sometimes involves rather sophisticated analysis base on the managers extensive experience in similar situations or on other data. An example of a decision made under risk might be the following a manager decides to spend 1000 on a magazine ad believe there are three possible outcomes for the ad, 20 percent chance the ad will have only a small effect on sales, a 60 percent chance of a moderate effect and a 20 percent chance of a very large effect.This decision is made under risk because the manager can list each potential outcome and determine the probability of each outcome occurring. Accommodation panache people prefer to keep their emotions in control and to speak indirectly, using metaphors or other techniques to prevent a conflict from escalating and damaging the relationship. Discussion drift most managers keep their emotions controlled but try to speak clearly and accurately about their disagreementsto the other person. Engagement Style people in this group are more comfortable with feelings and express them impartly. They try to be direct about what their concerns are and are often passionate in their conversations.(psychosocial.actalliance.org) There is no normal style of communication. It simply varies between people and cultures. Communication styles can vary between people in an organisation.As we work with people from diff erent communities and countries, it can be expected we will meet people whose communication styles may differ from our own. It is therefore, important to clear up misunderstandings and misinterpretations early on and to be open to different styles of communications. In contrast to risk, uncertainty exists when a decision maker cannot list all possible outcomes and cannot assign probabilities to the various outcomes. When faced with uncertainty, a manager would know only the different decision option available and the different possible states of nature. The states of nature are the events or conditions that can influence the final outcome or payoff of a decision but cannot be controlled or affected by the manager. My suggestion is to use the following as a starting point Summarise the issues relating to the decisionOutline the process you went through to arrive at the decision Say what the problem is Provide opportunity for people to arrange you the implications of the decisions f rom their perspective Ask them to identify possible action or solutions in response to the implications they raise. ConclusionIt is more powerful if top senior managers and directors in every work place get to their people (employees) before the decision is finalised, they need to tell workers what they are contemplating and ask them what the implications are from their own perspective. (Dont assume you know what their perspective is, even if you know them well and used to do their job yourself). You can then problem solve with them about how to alleviate the negative implications they have identified. And you never know, they might identify some positive implications or opportunities the organisation has not thought of.Bibliography(n.d.). Retrieved March 4th, 2014, from businesscasestudies.co.uk http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/strategy/business-objectives-planning-and-stakeholders.htmlaxzz2v2QsaooB (n.d.). Retrieved March 4th, 2014, from businesscasestudies.co.uk ht tp//businesscasestudies.co.uk/teacher-resources/axzz2v2QsaooB (n.d.). (K. Cherry, Producer) Retrieved March 5th, 2014, from psychology.about.com http//psychology.about.com/od/leadership/f/democratic-leadership.htm (n.d.). Retrieved March 5th, 2014, from edwardlowe.org http//edwardlowe.org/digital-library/maintaining-employee-morale-during-setbacks/ (n.d.). Retrieved March 6th, 2014, from www.invo.org.uk http//www.invo.org.uk/different-types-of-support/ (n.d.). (R. Bowett, Producer) Retrieved March 7th, 2014, from www.tutor2u.net http//tutor2u.net/business/organisation/decisionmaking.htm(n.d.). (C. M. Brown, Producer) Retrieved March 8th, 2014, from www.inc.com http//www.inc.com/guides/2010/10/7-tips-for-dealing-with-a-company-setback.html (Ducham)

Critical Analysis: Death and Justice by Edward Kotch Essay

In his essay with regard to capital punishment entitled conclusion and Justice, which first appeared in The refreshful Republic on April 15, 1985, Edward I. Koch aggressively refutes the claims of individuals who are opposed to the subject matter with seven firm and satisfying points. A native of New York, born 1924, Koch was an American practice of lawyer, pol, political commentator and a reality television arbitrator. He earned his law degree in 1948 from New York University and practiced law in New York City for some two decades thereafter. He was a member of the U.S Ho use of Representatives, serving from 1969 to 1977 and in the later(prenominal) year, he was then elected as New York mayor, holding the post until 1990. With such a strong and wide variety in terms of outline of work, it is my belief that his views communicated in this essay by way of his, logical, ethical and rational appeal are well up-thought out and unbiased. Unbiased or impartial, if you will, due to th e point that with the rebuttal style in which the argument was written, the opposing claims would first have to be identified and evaluated before generating an objecting response.The piece of work in my opinion achieves its purpose and is well organized by use of logos, poignancy and ethos, thus influencing a successful but indeed controversial essay. As mentioned in my introductory paragraph, the essay is carefully structured into seven sturdy points in which each, Koch identifies the claims of his opponents followed by his rebuttal arguments. This makes the piece much easier to follow and interpret, hence making his arguments extremely clear and concise. This also influences the readers to nail a better knowledge of his position hence increasing the probability of reader equalisement.In this logical system of ideas, each argument is further justify by the use of analogies, if, then statements, statistics, stories and the use of credible sources (experts, scholars). Some thr oughout the text take place as follows in his first refutation in which he rejects the statement that the death penalty is barbaric and draws and analogy between cancer and murder. It is my view that this was an extremely effective strategy used by Koch as analogies encourage participation and increases understanding of anunfamiliar topic by comparing it to something that is quite familiar in his third refutation where Koch refutes the opinion of the opponent that an complimentary person might be executed by mistake. By way of statistics he proved that this was never the case. He cited a study of 7,000 executions in the regular army from 1893 to 1971, and concludes that the records fail to show that such cases occur. Statistics ultimately speak for themselves, needing no further clarification hence why their use is extremely influential and in this case, short persuasive.This was a great execution in the area of logos which totally disregarded the opposing claim without a doubt . Remarkably Koch does non end that ill-tempered argument there but rather continues by establishing truth and developing such truth by examples. He says Human life deserves special auspices and one of the best ways to guarantee that protection is to assure that convicted murderers do not kill again. He then proceeds by providing an example, and in this case, of an unexecuted recidivist murderer named Lemuel Smith who was sentenced to about six years life sentence.This was immaculate Why you may ask? This same murderer then killed a woman corrections officer. Additional life sentences for Smith, according to Koch are meaningless. It is my view that examples reiterate and re-enforce a concept or thought, in this case the preferably provided statistic. This example provided also provoked ones rational thinking and critical reasoning hence increasing the probability that readers are inclined to agree with Koch and his position in his fourth refutation where he refuted that capital punishment cheapens the cherish of military man life.In his immaculate use of if, then statements, Koch says if we frown the penalty for rape, we lower our view or regard for the victims suffering, humiliation and personal integrity. In the same exercise, by exacting the highest penalty for murder, we then affirm the highest value of piece life, which influences logical reasoning and critical thinking, both forms and arts of rhetoric used to persuade intellectually (logos). To conclude my first point, it is my view that the essay did in fact follow a logical system of ideas by way of seven clear points.Each point was further justified by use of rhetorical strategies to make the argument much more understandable as well as believable. It is safe to say that Kochs essay was particularly flop where logos is concerned. Throughout the text, despite not in abundance, there is in fact some sense of emotional appeal (pathos). Although Kochs primary intuitive feeling throughout the pi ece is aggressive, he distinctively manages to appeal to our emotions in some contexts. For example, once more, take his fourth refutation where he refuted that capital punishment cheapens the value of human life.He uses rape, a very emotional and touchy topic for any individual within our society, and basically goes on further to state that if we lower the penalty for rape, we lower our view or regard for the victims suffering, humiliation and personal integrity. His use of connotation with words such as victims suffering, horrible experience, humiliation and increase danger invoked a feeling sympathy for the victim and the situation by the way it appealed to the heart and to ones emotion. Rape is in fact a terrible occurrence for which sympathy is usually given to the victim.It is my belief that Koch deliberately seized the opportunity to demand the readers emotional attention by evoking a sense of condole with or sympathy in his efforts for us to conceptualize and agree with his point. Very good move Given the background information provided in my initial paragraph, it is implied that Koch is a credible source. This was an underlying establishment of ethos. Throughout the text, his tone suggests authority as well as credibility. He was a lawyer, a TV judge, a politician and a mayor. He was a well-rounded scholar with a diverse work history.It is of my opinion that he has dealt with a variety of different cases on a wide spectrum of practice. The area of ethos is therefore implied. Although for the most part, the ethos is in fact underlying by way of his background information, throughout the text you can still aver hints of his authority. Take for example, in his fourth refutation he ridicules his critics, one in particular, Jimmy Breslin by calling his statement regarding capital punishment sophistic nonsense. non only is this satire but establishment of authority by way of discrediting anothers opinion.This in fact was effective as it shows that Koch h as in fact done his research regarding what his critics have tell thus establishing him as a trusted and unbiased source. Another example can be found in his sixth refutation, where he makes reference to the bible, he establishes credibility by introducing us to the greatest thinkers of the 19th century Kant, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Mill who all agreed that natural law properly authorized the sovereign to take life in order to vindicate justice.According to philpapers. org, an online research philosophy engine it can be said they were all well-known philosophers who are considered to be central figures of modern philosophy. Name-dropping is one of the easiest ways to persuade an audience as the majority of us human beings tend to follow the way in which famous people ranging from celebrities to scholars, think. This then influences the way society thinks hence my belief that the use of credible sources in this instance was impeccable.Within the same argument (the sixth refutation), I also noticed that it was not biased or unfair as he includes that Jeremy Bentham, another great philosopher, was ambivalent to the claims of the others. He does not leave out any information hence making the argument fair and believable, which in turn establishes his credibility and believability. He then goes on to establish additional credibility by revealing names of other scholars (Washington, Jefferson and Franklin) who endorsed the claim.This was effective in persuading us as the readers to understand and simulate his point of view. Death and Justice is an effectively-written essay which judiciously rebuts the claims of individuals opposed to the capital punishment. Each paragraph within the essay is well-thought out and organized effectively. With the use of logos, pathos and subliminal forms of ethos, Koch immaculately achieves his purpose of persuading the readers to conceptualize, understand and agree with his claims and opinions regarding the death penalty.Although Koch ridicules the opponent throughout some exerts of the text, the readers are still able to grasp his aggressive and more or less certainly serious tone. It is my opinion that the argument presented was unbiased and impartial, taking into the consideration the rebuttal style in which it was written. This piece of writing has not, and will definitely not be limited to the time in which it was written as the argument presented is very controversial, and in continued debate.

Prostitution Essay

Analyse How whoredom Is Represented In British goggle box from 2000 Onwards. In Britain paying for finish up is non smuggled. But thither argon some(prenominal) laws criminalising the activities of harlotry. For years mint affirm been arguing e realplace what to do with the laws on harlotry. Recently, there make it been worldy debates over the legality of it, and eventually stricter laws sop up been coiffe in place to repulse word and part with the act of prostitution.Under the 2003 intimate Offences Act, it is illegal to incite prostitution or hold it for your somebodyal gain, banning the running of a brothel, making it illegal to loiter or solicit switch on on the streets and the act of kerb crawling. Trafficking is also illegal. Other laws such as public nuisance atomic reduce 18 use to target the commove flip-flop. Stricter laws be looking are existence put in place that will throw off police the ability to close drop more brothels, and licensing r ules will change in regards to lap dancing and strip clubs to try and halt their expansion. Despite the many thousands of wo flowforce involved in the sale of cozy serfeeblenesss, and even greater braid of eventss of hands who purchase these services, research and publications on prostitution for much of the post-war period has been relatively limited. For most of this period the street trade has been largely confined to certain wild light districts and therefore start of sight to the general public (Matthews, 2008, paginate 1). whoredom has always been an issue, besides as Matthews states, come out of sight is out of mind.Prostitution was bought to the publics attention in the late 1980s when growing concerns were acknowledged including The spread of HIV and AIDS, the return of prostitute support, increased public demands to control street prostitution, the growing preoccupation with trafficking and the visible increase in the number of foreign women involved in prostitu tion, (Matthews, 2008, page 1). As well as pile worrying around the growth of prostitution and trying to enforce stricter laws to stop it, there were state candidacy to decriminalise the act.During the 1980s a number of groups emerged that were trying to promote the rights of prostitutes. The ECP (English Collective of Prostitutes) in the UK, set out to legalise prostitution and normalise the issue. Prostitution is become a fast growing phenomenon In Lon wear off, where prostitutes mainly operate behind closed doors, the number of street customers is estimated at 7,620 a week (Home Office 2004), (Monzini, 2005, page 9). Prostitution seems to be about the problems of transaction between men and women, as well as to satisfy male urges.In Britain the typical male invitee is a man antique about 30, married and quite well off. If the customers are usually married then why are they seeking prostitutes? It has been argued that men who are unsure of their capacity for traffic with the opposite sex toilette escape what they impression as a burden of responsibility recourse to commercialised sex a lot fanny be seen as a resistant of revenge of reaffirmation, however temporary, of men over women, (Monzini, 2005, page 10). Monzini is stating that men go with prostitutes to find mavenself power that they have lost elsewhere.A lot of the time cosmos lost in their own dealingship. The customer wants to have complete control over the prostitute to make themselves feel stronger and more powerful, this can sometimes lead to violence against the prostitute when they do not comply to the customers needs, mostly being their atmospheric pressure that the customer wears a condom. Its been argued that volume use prostitutes to act out sexual fantasies that will undo the traumas of childhood Sexual fantasies perform a standardised function in adulthood to that performed by daydreams in childhood.This time the fantasist is in control, and can direct the scenario t owards and ultimately satisfying outcome- orgasm (OConnell Davidson, 1998, knave 138). Prostitution is often seen as an escape from over entangled relations. When customers go with prostitutes they are trying to kid themselves that the tie-in is real Customers pick up street female childs in their car, or go to places where they are given further a few minutes to do their vocation there are even small hotels that rent dwell out not for an hour that for 5 minutes, (Monzini, 2005, page 12).The sexual encounter is very(prenominal) short and suggests that in reality there is no connection between customer and prostitute. This can be seen in the television programme clandestine diary of a key out Girl, where Belle (Billie Piper) says Work out what the client wants as fast as you can and give it to him, ( orphic Diary of a strain Girl, 2008). Prostitutes are merely used for sex. There is no real connection or bond between them and the client.The client wants to have sex and feel wanted, while the prostitute save wants the m iodiney, so they try not to get involved. Trafficking has increased tremendously in the recent years. Mainly women from crossways Europe are interpreted from their families and sent to other countries to work as various things, including sex workers. Data taken from the IOM (Anti-Trafficking Unit of the International Organisation for Migration) gave questionnaires to people that had been reported to the IOM to find out about their recruitment. 103 people trafficked themselves because of several modestnesss including, having been kidnapped, 5. 4%, through the use of the internet, television and newspapers, 7. 4%, sold by their family, 0. 5%, or personal reasons, 84. 1%. This data shows that most people began trafficking for their own reasons, but also shows that a huge number of them were forced into it one way or other. The Home Office estimates that there are between 6,000 and 18,000 trafficked women and girls being forced to work as prostitutes in the UK.An obligate found in the Telegraph newspaper places of how one-year-old schoolgirls are being forced into prostitution The MP verbalise he knew of cases in his Huddersfield constituency where girls prototypical met young men, perhaps driving flash cars out of doors school who made the initial contact. They then took them out and introduced them to drink and drugs before embarking on a sexual relationship.The girl would believe they were with their first boyfri end but before spacious, older men would then take over, forcing them to have sex and selling them to others (The Telegraph, 21st January 2009). Julia OConnell Davidson suggests that people become prostitutes due to extreme, poor vitality conditions, and a bad way of life People will generally surrender such powers over their person to others only under very event social, political and economic conditions- conditions which effectively limit their survival of the fittests to a set of alt ernatives which are not of their choosing.In some cases these relations present people with a nude choice between abject poverty or prostitution, or between violence, even death, or prostitution, (OConnell Davidson, 1998, paginate 3). OConnell Davidson is saying that people are using prostitution as an escape. It is very much a last resort for many people, who turn to the business for help and for bullion so that they can survive. For a lot of girls prostitution is a better way of living then their normal lives, where some whitethorn get beaten by family members or other such things.Research by Karen Sharpe shows other reasons as to why girls begin prostituting themselves Women were introduced to the profession, or at the very least were directly influenced or further to turn to prostitution, by friends or other members of the family who were either currently involved, or who had previously been involved in, the prostitution business, (Sharpe, 1998, rascal 41). This is a whole separate issue. It shows that many girls are not choosing the life of prostitution as an escape but because they are forced into it. Another reason for turning to prostitution is about money. some young girls are getting into the sex intentness to pay their way through university or college. An article in the TimesOnline shows a study undertaken by capital of Jamaica University, which shows a 50% rise in the number of students resorting to prostitution or other jobs in the sex labor over the past six years. In a survey that asked 130 students whether they knew any friends involved in the sex industry, one in 10 said they knew of students who had stripped, lapdanced or worked at massage parlours and go through agencies to support themselves. Just over 6% said they knew students who worked as prostitutes, (Times Online, October 2006).This is a frightening amount of young people getting into the industry to get themselves out of trouble. Prostitution is not really a choice for most people anymore, its a way to survive. finally the problems surrounding prostitution are being taken seriously, with plans being made to put in more laws to try and stop prostitution. With all this being put into motion comes the release of Secret Diary of a Call Girl, glamorising sex work and giving the impression that being a prostitute can be a good flight choice for young women. September 2008 saw this programme aired on our televisions.It is based on a book called Belle De Jour The mention Adventures of a London Call Girl. The television show stars Billie Piper as Belle De Jour, the high class prostitute. The show bought in nearly two million viewers when the first succession was aired. Throughout the first series ratings fluctuated, ending the series with sound under one million viewers. The second series never reached one million. So why the sudden downslope in ratings? Only 8 complaints were filed afterward the show was first aired. Having watched the show it is clear to see that there is no real story line to it.Secret Diary only gives an brainwave into sex work through an gene there is no realism to the show. Belle seems to live a very glamorous life. She was not forced into prostitution because she was homeless or poor bid so many others are, but instead she chose the career path for herself So why do I do it? Well, because I love sex and I love money (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). In a year Belle earnt over ? 100,000. Young girls watching the show with money problems or children to support could easily get the idea that being a prostitute is not such a bad thing.The show offers no realistic view of street prostitution and the insecuritys of it. While Belle has an agent who she checks in with after meeting every client it does not assure her safety. In episode 6 of series 1, she encounters a slight problem with a client. When she goes to call her agent he turns nasty I dont want you to call anyone. Ive paid for you. Please take your clothes off, (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). Many researchers on the subject of prostitution suggest that one of the reasons men buy sex is to do with power Buying sex as an figure out of power for disempowered men, (Sanders, 2008, Page 40).Sanders is suggesting that men are purchasing sex because they have lost power elsewhere in their lives and paying someone to do what you tell them to is a way for men to come up the power. This is a possible explanation for why the man in Secret Diary got angry because Belle was not doing as she was told, making the client feel belittled, as he no longer has the power. Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a very good representative of the industry of sex work. It only gives an insight into the work of escorts and is based on the stories of one girl. Crimefighters- The Vice, was aired on television in 2008.It is a series following a vice squad around Nottingham who are tackling the problem of street prostitution. In one particular episode (2 3rd October) a man is caught with a prostitute in a park late at night. In another episode (27th September) a man is caught in an alleyway with a prostitute. The programme offers a realistic insight into the work of street prostitution and how bad it really is. Men are paying ? 10-? 20 to have sex with these women in dark, dingy parks, down nasty alleyways and even in front of peoples houses. One episode shows the vice squad interviewing everal prostitutes from around the field of honor and finding out how they really feel about it. The general consensus from them is that they are ashamed of themselves and would rather be doing anything else but prostituting themselves. One prostitute has been in the industry for 15 years and has averaged 10-15 men a day. This being true she would have slept with over 75,000 men in her time as a prostitute. In solution to this she says It is just a job, (Crimefighters, 2008). She has been prostituting herself for so long now that she does not see m to have any real feelings towards the job in hand.After watching this episode it is clear to see that most of the women in the area began prostituting themselves because they are homeless and addicted to drugs or have children to support. But the money they do make goes successive on more drugs. These prostitutes are using up up to ? 200 a day on drugs and the money they are making is going straight on more drugs. It is a vicious lap that they will not get out of without help. Unlike Belle, these women hate their jobs They make my skin crawl. Im not out here for fun. I cant stand them touching me, (Crimefighters, 2008).This shows that these prostitutes are selling themselves because they have no other choice. They become reliant upon the money they are making that they cannot get themselves out of it. Street prostitution is dangerous. Crimefighters helps to show that there are dangers to being a prostitute and that people can turn nasty. I could get picked up one day and chuck ed out in a ditch, (Crimefighters, 2008). One prostitute said this on the programme. Clearly there is a danger to selling your organic structure on the streets, as there is no one looking after your well being.Research has shown that women get pushed into prostitution for one reason or another and are then too afraid to stop selling themselves because they are scared of being killed by whoever is compulsive them JP Why didnt you just stop giving him the money and stop seeing him? Coz hed kill me. Hed beat the stone pit out of me. I know that. You just know it at the back of your mind. Its easier to just do what he wants (Margie, aged 32). JP Why didnt you go to the police about him? Coz Ive mat up his punches. Anyway, it doesnt matter if I did, coz wherever I go hed hunt me down (Sammy, aged 18). If you havent got their money- the money they want- youve had it. You could end up dead (Patsy, aged 42) (Phoenix, 1999, Page 162). These comments from former prostitutes in Phoenixs book show just how dangerous prostitution can be. Secret Diary of a Call Girl does not show the dangers of prostitution and is a poor portrayal of what it is like to sell yourself. Research says that men have observed that they can use their genitalia as a weapon of force. Men discovered that they could rape and women discovered that they could not retaliate in kind,(OConnell Davidson, 1998, Page 119).Over 300,000 women are raped a year. Prostitutes are raped on average 8-10 times a year and are constantly at risk of violence. Men can get very nasty if they are not given what they want, which is the main danger for prostitutes. OConnell Davidson goes on to argue that outrage became not only a male prerogative, but mans basic weapon of force against women, the track agent of his will and fear, (OConnell Davidson, 1998, Page 119. ) In conclusion, Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a fair representation of prostitution.In a world where more laws are being put into place to stop the legality of paying for sex, there really is no room for television shows glamorising the work of the sex industry. Although the portrayal of working in the escort business is reasonably accurate, it does not account for street prostitution, an act of the sex industry that is growing big and increasingly more dangerous The client will participate in the sex market if his uncoercedness to pay for the first unit of prostitution exceeds the price of prostitution, (Giusta, 2008, Page 20). This shows that men are only willing to pay as much as is parallel to their want of sex. In countries with an uneven income distribution and discrimination in the labour market, where the clients are typically wealthy and the possible sex workers are poor, we should expect more sex sold at lower prices, (Giusta, 2008, Page 32). Giusta is relation back us that more men are likely to pay less for sex. Meaning that the number of clients using street prostitutes is likely to incline, causing a immense problem for our society. In London merely there are 7,620 street clients a week. Unless it is made illegal to pay for sex, this problem is only going to get worse.Prostitution EssayAnalyse How Prostitution Is Represented In British Television from 2000 Onwards. In Britain paying for sex is not illegal. But there are many laws criminalising the activities of prostitution. For years people have been arguing over what to do with the laws on prostitution. Recently, there have been many debates over the legality of it, and eventually stricter laws have been put in place to try and stop the act of prostitution.Under the 2003 Sexual Offences Act, it is illegal to incite prostitution or control it for your personal gain, banning the running of a brothel, making it illegal to loiter or solicit sex on the streets and the act of kerb crawling. Trafficking is also illegal. Other laws such as public nuisance are used to target the sex trade. Stricter laws are looking are being put in place that will give police the ability to close down more brothels, and licensing rules will change in regards to lap dancing and strip clubs to try and halt their expansion. Despite the many thousands of women involved in the sale of sexual services, and even greater numbers of men who purchase these services, research and publications on prostitution for much of the post-war period has been relatively limited. For most of this period the street trade has been largely confined to certain red light districts and therefore out of sight to the general public (Matthews, 2008, page 1). Prostitution has always been an issue, but as Matthews states, out of sight is out of mind.Prostitution was bought to the publics attention in the late 1980s when growing concerns were acknowledged including The spread of HIV and AIDS, the growth of prostitute support, increased public demands to control street prostitution, the growing preoccupation with trafficking and the visible increase in the number of forei gn women involved in prostitution, (Matthews, 2008, page 1). As well as people worrying about the growth of prostitution and trying to enforce stricter laws to stop it, there were people campaigning to decriminalise the act.During the 1980s a number of groups emerged that were trying to promote the rights of prostitutes. The ECP (English Collective of Prostitutes) in the UK, set out to legalise prostitution and normalise the issue. Prostitution is becoming a fast growing phenomenon In London, where prostitutes mainly operate behind closed doors, the number of street customers is estimated at 7,620 a week (Home Office 2004), (Monzini, 2005, page 9). Prostitution seems to be about the problems of relations between men and women, as well as to satisfy male urges.In Britain the typical male client is a man aged about 30, married and quite well off. If the clients are usually married then why are they seeking prostitutes? It has been argued that men who are unsure of their capacity for relations with the opposite sex can escape what they feel as a burden of responsibility recourse to commercial sex often can be seen as a kind of revenge of reaffirmation, however temporary, of men over women, (Monzini, 2005, page 10). Monzini is stating that men go with prostitutes to regain power that they have lost elsewhere.A lot of the time being lost in their own relationship. The customer wants to have complete control over the prostitute to make themselves feel stronger and more powerful, this can sometimes lead to violence against the prostitute when they do not comply to the customers needs, mostly being their insistence that the customer wears a condom. Its been argued that people use prostitutes to act out sexual fantasies that will undo the traumas of childhood Sexual fantasies perform a similar function in adulthood to that performed by daydreams in childhood.This time the fantasist is in control, and can direct the scenario towards and ultimately satisfying outcome- o rgasm (OConnell Davidson, 1998, Page 138). Prostitution is often seen as an escape from over complicated relations. When customers go with prostitutes they are trying to kid themselves that the connection is real Customers pick up street girls in their car, or go to places where they are given only a few minutes to do their business there are even small hotels that rent rooms out not for an hour but for 5 minutes, (Monzini, 2005, page 12).The sexual encounter is very short and suggests that in reality there is no connection between customer and prostitute. This can be seen in the television programme Secret Diary of a Call Girl, where Belle (Billie Piper) says Work out what the client wants as fast as you can and give it to him, (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). Prostitutes are merely used for sex. There is no real connection or bond between them and the client.The client wants to have sex and feel wanted, while the prostitute just wants the money, so they try not to get involved . Trafficking has increased hugely in the recent years. Mainly women from across Europe are taken from their families and sent to other countries to work as various things, including sex workers. Data taken from the IOM (Anti-Trafficking Unit of the International Organisation for Migration) gave questionnaires to people that had been reported to the IOM to find out about their recruitment. 103 people trafficked themselves because of several reasons including, having been kidnapped, 5. 4%, through the use of the internet, television and newspapers, 7. 4%, sold by their family, 0. 5%, or personal reasons, 84. 1%. This data shows that most people began trafficking for their own reasons, but also shows that a huge number of them were forced into it one way or another. The Home Office estimates that there are between 6,000 and 18,000 trafficked women and girls being forced to work as prostitutes in the UK.An article found in the Telegraph newspaper tells of how young schoolgirls are bein g forced into prostitution The MP said he knew of cases in his Huddersfield constituency where girls first met young men, perhaps driving flash cars outside school who made the initial contact. They then took them out and introduced them to drink and drugs before embarking on a sexual relationship.The girl would believe they were with their first boyfriend but before long, older men would then take over, forcing them to have sex and selling them to others (The Telegraph, 21st January 2009). Julia OConnell Davidson suggests that people become prostitutes due to extreme, poor living conditions, and a bad way of life People will generally surrender such powers over their person to others only under very particular social, political and economic conditions- conditions which effectively limit their choices to a set of alternatives which are not of their choosing.In some cases these relations present people with a stark choice between abject poverty or prostitution, or between violence, e ven death, or prostitution, (OConnell Davidson, 1998, Page 3). OConnell Davidson is saying that people are using prostitution as an escape. It is very much a last resort for many people, who turn to the business for help and for money so that they can survive. For a lot of girls prostitution is a better way of living then their normal lives, where some may get beaten by family members or other such things.Research by Karen Sharpe shows other reasons as to why girls begin prostituting themselves Women were introduced to the profession, or at the very least were directly influenced or encouraged to turn to prostitution, by friends or other members of the family who were either currently involved, or who had previously been involved in, the prostitution business, (Sharpe, 1998, Page 41). This is a whole separate issue. It shows that many girls are not choosing the life of prostitution as an escape but because they are forced into it. Another reason for turning to prostitution is about money.Many young girls are getting into the sex industry to pay their way through university or college. An article in the TimesOnline shows a study undertaken by Kingston University, which shows a 50% rise in the number of students resorting to prostitution or other jobs in the sex industry over the past six years. In a survey that asked 130 students whether they knew any friends involved in the sex industry, one in 10 said they knew of students who had stripped, lapdanced or worked at massage parlours and escort agencies to support themselves. Just over 6% said they knew students who worked as prostitutes, (Times Online, October 2006).This is a frightening amount of young people getting into the industry to get themselves out of trouble. Prostitution is not really a choice for most people anymore, its a way to survive. Finally the problems surrounding prostitution are being taken seriously, with plans being made to put in more laws to try and stop prostitution. With all this being put into motion comes the release of Secret Diary of a Call Girl, glamorising sex work and giving the impression that being a prostitute can be a good career choice for young women. September 2008 saw this programme aired on our televisions.It is based on a book called Belle De Jour The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl. The television show stars Billie Piper as Belle De Jour, the high class prostitute. The show bought in nearly two million viewers when the first episode was aired. Throughout the first series ratings fluctuated, ending the series with just under one million viewers. The second series never reached one million. So why the sudden drop in ratings? Only 8 complaints were filed after the show was first aired. Having watched the show it is clear to see that there is no real story line to it.Secret Diary only gives an insight into sex work through an agent there is no realism to the show. Belle seems to live a very glamorous life. She was not forced into prostitut ion because she was homeless or poor like so many others are, but instead she chose the career path for herself So why do I do it? Well, because I love sex and I love money (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). In a year Belle earnt over ? 100,000. Young girls watching the show with money problems or children to support could easily get the idea that being a prostitute is not such a bad thing.The show offers no realistic view of street prostitution and the dangers of it. While Belle has an agent who she checks in with after meeting every client it does not assure her safety. In episode 6 of series 1, she encounters a slight problem with a client. When she goes to call her agent he turns nasty I dont want you to call anyone. Ive paid for you. Please take your clothes off, (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). Many researchers on the subject of prostitution suggest that one of the reasons men buy sex is to do with power Buying sex as an exercise of power for disempowered men, (Sanders, 2008, Page 40).Sanders is suggesting that men are purchasing sex because they have lost power elsewhere in their lives and paying someone to do what you tell them to is a way for men to regain the power. This is a possible explanation for why the man in Secret Diary got angry because Belle was not doing as she was told, making the client feel belittled, as he no longer has the power. Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a very good representative of the industry of sex work. It only gives an insight into the work of escorts and is based on the stories of one girl. Crimefighters- The Vice, was aired on television in 2008.It is a series following a vice squad around Nottingham who are tackling the problem of street prostitution. In one particular episode (23rd October) a man is caught with a prostitute in a park late at night. In another episode (27th September) a man is caught in an alleyway with a prostitute. The programme offers a realistic insight into the work of street prostitutio n and how bad it really is. Men are paying ? 10-? 20 to have sex with these women in dark, dingy parks, down grotty alleyways and even in front of peoples houses. One episode shows the vice squad interviewing everal prostitutes from around the area and finding out how they really feel about it. The general consensus from them is that they are ashamed of themselves and would rather be doing anything else but prostituting themselves. One prostitute has been in the industry for 15 years and has averaged 10-15 men a day. This being true she would have slept with over 75,000 men in her time as a prostitute. In response to this she says It is just a job, (Crimefighters, 2008). She has been prostituting herself for so long now that she does not seem to have any real feelings towards the job in hand.After watching this episode it is clear to see that most of the women in the area began prostituting themselves because they are homeless and addicted to drugs or have children to support. But t he money they do make goes straight on more drugs. These prostitutes are spending up to ? 200 a day on drugs and the money they are making is going straight on more drugs. It is a vicious circle that they will not get out of without help. Unlike Belle, these women hate their jobs They make my skin crawl. Im not out here for fun. I cant stand them touching me, (Crimefighters, 2008).This shows that these prostitutes are selling themselves because they have no other choice. They become reliant upon the money they are making that they cannot get themselves out of it. Street prostitution is dangerous. Crimefighters helps to show that there are dangers to being a prostitute and that people can turn nasty. I could get picked up one day and chucked out in a ditch, (Crimefighters, 2008). One prostitute said this on the programme. Clearly there is a danger to selling your body on the streets, as there is no one looking after your well being.Research has shown that women get pushed into prost itution for one reason or another and are then too afraid to stop selling themselves because they are scared of being killed by whoever is controlling them JP Why didnt you just stop giving him the money and stop seeing him? Coz hed kill me. Hed beat the hell out of me. I know that. You just know it at the back of your mind. Its easier to just do what he wants (Margie, aged 32). JP Why didnt you go to the police about him? Coz Ive felt his punches. Anyway, it doesnt matter if I did, coz wherever I go hed hunt me down (Sammy, aged 18). If you havent got their money- the money they want- youve had it. You could end up dead (Patsy, aged 42) (Phoenix, 1999, Page 162). These comments from former prostitutes in Phoenixs book show just how dangerous prostitution can be. Secret Diary of a Call Girl does not show the dangers of prostitution and is a poor portrayal of what it is like to sell yourself. Research says that men have discovered that they can use their genitalia as a weapon of fo rce. Men discovered that they could rape and women discovered that they could not retaliate in kind,(OConnell Davidson, 1998, Page 119).Over 300,000 women are raped a year. Prostitutes are raped on average 8-10 times a year and are constantly at risk of violence. Men can get very nasty if they are not given what they want, which is the main danger for prostitutes. OConnell Davidson goes on to argue that Rape became not only a male prerogative, but mans basic weapon of force against women, the principal agent of his will and fear, (OConnell Davidson, 1998, Page 119. ) In conclusion, Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a fair representation of prostitution.In a world where more laws are being put into place to stop the legality of paying for sex, there really is no room for television shows glamorising the work of the sex industry. Although the portrayal of working in the escort business is reasonably accurate, it does not account for street prostitution, an act of the sex industry tha t is growing bigger and increasingly more dangerous The client will participate in the sex market if his willingness to pay for the first unit of prostitution exceeds the price of prostitution, (Giusta, 2008, Page 20). This shows that men are only willing to pay as much as is parallel to their want of sex. In countries with an uneven income distribution and discrimination in the labour market, where the clients are typically rich and the possible sex workers are poor, we should expect more sex sold at lower prices, (Giusta, 2008, Page 32). Giusta is telling us that more men are likely to pay less for sex. Meaning that the number of clients using street prostitutes is likely to incline, causing a massive problem for our society. In London alone there are 7,620 street clients a week. Unless it is made illegal to pay for sex, this problem is only going to get worse.